Universality behind Basquin’s Law of Fatigue

Basquin’s law of fatigue states that the lifetime of the system has a power-law dependence on the external load amplitude, t_f∼σ₀^-α, where the exponent α has a strong material dependence. We show that in spite of the broad scatter of the exponent α, the fatigue fracture of heterogeneous materials exhibits universal features. We propose a generic scaling form for the macroscopic deformation and show that at the fatigue limit the system undergoes a continuous phase transition. On the microlevel, the fatigue fracture proceeds in bursts characterized by universal power-law distributions. We demonstrate that the system dependent details are contained in Basquin’s exponent for time to failure, and once this is taken into account, remaining features of failure are universal.