Maximum Achievable Beam Brightness from Photoinjectors

Electron injectors delivering relativistic electron beams with very high brightness are essential for a number of current and proposed electron accelerator applications. These high brightness beams are generally produced from photoemission cathodes. We formulate a limit on the electron beam brightness from such cathodes set by the transverse thermal energy of the electrons leaving the photocathode and the accelerating field at the cathode. Two specific examples—direct measurement of the transverse phase space of a space charge dominated beam from a high-voltage photoemission electron gun and a numerical optimization of the same at a higher gun voltage—illustrate the importance of this limit.