Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1938–1941 (1995)Onset of Surface-Tension-Driven Bénard ConvectionReceived 5 May 1995; published in the issue dated 4 September 1995 Experiments with shadowgraph visualization reveal a subcritical transition to a hexagonal convection pattern in thin liquid layers that have a free upper surface and are heated from below. The measured critical Marangoni number (84) and observation of hysteresis ( 3%) agree with theory. In some experiments, imperfect bifurcation is observed and is attributed to deterministic forcing caused in part by the lateral boundaries in the experiment. © 1995 The American Physical Society URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1938
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1938
PACS:
47.20.Dr, 47.54.+r, 47.20.Ky, 68.15.+e
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