Phys. Rev. Lett.
82,
2644–2648
(1999)
Measurement of the Flux and Zenith-Angle Distribution of Upward Throughgoing Muons by Super-Kamiokande
Y. Fukuda et al. (The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration)
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Y. Fukuda1, T. Hayakawa1, E. Ichihara1, K. Inoue1, K. Ishihara1, H. Ishino1, Y. Itow1, T. Kajita1, J. Kameda1, S. Kasuga1, K. Kobayashi1, Y. Kobayashi1, Y. Koshio1, M. Miura1, M. Nakahata1, S. Nakayama1, A. Okada1, K. Okumura1, N. Sakurai1, M. Shiozawa1, Y. Suzuki1, Y. Takeuchi1, Y. Totsuka1, S. Yamada1, M. Earl2, A. Habig2, E. Kearns2, M. D. Messier2, K. Scholberg2, J. L. Stone2, L. R. Sulak2, C. W. Walter2, M. Goldhaber3, T. Barszczak4, D. Casper4, W. Gajewski4, W. R. Kropp4, L. R. Price4, F. Reines4,*, M. Smy4, H. W. Sobel4, M. R. Vagins4, K. S. Ganezer5, W. E. Keig5, R. W. Ellsworth6, S. Tasaka7, J. W. Flanagan8,†, A. Kibayashi8, J. G. Learned8, S. Matsuno8, V. J. Stenger8, D. Takemori8, T. Ishii9, J. Kanzaki9, T. Kobayashi9, S. Mine9, K. Nakamura9, K. Nishikawa9, Y. Oyama9, A. Sakai9, M. Sakuda9, O. Sasaki9, S. Echigo10, M. Kohama10, A. T. Suzuki10, T. J. Haines11,4, E. Blaufuss12, B. K. Kim12, R. Sanford12, R. Svoboda12, M. L. Chen13, J. A. Goodman13, G. W. Sullivan13, J. Hill14, C. K. Jung14, K. Martens14, C. Mauger14, C. McGrew14, E. Sharkey14, B. Viren14, C. Yanagisawa14, W. Doki15, K. Miyano15, H. Okazawa15, C. Saji15, M. Takahata15, Y. Nagashima16, M. Takita16, T. Yamaguchi16, M. Yoshida16, S. B. Kim17, M. Etoh18, K. Fujita18, A. Hasegawa18, T. Hasegawa18, S. Hatakeyama18, T. Iwamoto18, M. Koga18, T. Maruyama18, H. Ogawa18, J. Shirai18, A. Suzuki18, F. Tsushima18, M. Koshiba19, M. Nemoto20, K. Nishijima20, T. Futagami21, Y. Hayato21, Y. Kanaya21, K. Kaneyuki21, Y. Watanabe21, D. Kielczewska22,4, R. A. Doyle23,‡, J. S. George23,§, A. L. Stachyra23, L. L. Wai23,**, R. J. Wilkes23, and K. K. Young23,†† (The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration)
1Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo 188-8502, Japan
2Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
3Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
4Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4575
5Department of Physics, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747
6Department of Physics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030
7Department of Physics, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
8Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
9Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
10Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
11Physics Division, P-23, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544
12Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
13Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
14Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800
15Department of Physics, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
16Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
17Department of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
18Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
19The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
20Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
21Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute for Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
22Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
23Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560
Received 8 December 1998; published in the issue dated 29 March 1999
A total of 614 upward throughgoing muons of minimum energy 1.6 GeV are observed by Super-Kamiokande during 537 detector live days. The measured muon flux is [1.74±0.07(stat)±0.02(sys)]×10-13cm-2s-1sr-1 compared to an expected flux of [1.97±0.44(theor)]×10-13cm-2s-1sr-1. The absolute measured flux is in agreement with the prediction within the errors. However, the zenith-angle dependence of the observed upward throughgoing muon flux does not agree with no-oscillation predictions. The observed distortion in shape is consistent with the νμ↔ντ oscillation hypothesis with sin22θ>0.4 and 1×10-3<Δm2<1×10-1eV2 at 90% confidence level.
© 1999 The American Physical Society
URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2644
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2644
*Deceased. †Present address: Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan. ‡Present address: Haemonetics Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan. §Present address: Space Radiation Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. **Present address: Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. ††
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