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Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1897–1901 (1999)

Pseudotensors and Quasilocal Energy-Momentum

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Chia-Chen Chang and James M. Nester*
Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan

Chiang-Mei Chen
Department of Theoretical Physics, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia

Received 4 September 1998; published in the issue dated 6 September 1999

Early energy-momentum investigations for gravitating systems gave reference-frame-dependent pseudotensors; later the quasilocal idea was developed. Quasilocal energy-momentum can be determined by the Hamiltonian boundary term, which also identifies the variables to be held fixed on the boundary. We show that a pseudotensor corresponds to a Hamiltonian boundary term. Hence, they are quasilocal and acceptable; each is the energy-momentum density for a definite physical situation with certain boundary conditions. These conditions are identified for well-known pseudotensors.

© 1999 The American Physical Society

URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1897
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1897
PACS:
04.20.Cv, 04.20.Fy

*Email address: nester@joule.phy.ncu.edu.tw

Email address: chen@grg1.phys.msu.su