Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 221303 (2006) [4 pages]Background Independent Duals of the Harmonic OscillatorReceived 7 March 2006; published 7 June 2006 We show that a class of topological field theories are quantum duals of the harmonic oscillator. This is demonstrated by establishing a correspondence between the creation and annihilation operators and nonlocal gauge invariant observables of the topological field theory. The example is used to discuss some issues concerning background independence and the relation of vacuum energy to the problem of time in quantum gravity. © 2006 The American Physical Society URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.221303
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.221303
PACS:
04.60.Ds
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