Efficient Generation of Large Number-Path Entanglement Using Only Linear Optics and Feed-Forward

We show how an idealized measurement procedure can condense photons from two modes into one and how, by feeding forward the results of the measurement, it is possible to generate efficiently superposition states commonly called N00N states. For the basic procedure sources of number states leak onto a beam splitter, and the output ports are monitored by photodetectors. We find that detecting a fixed fraction of the input at one output port suffices to direct the remainder to the same port, with high probability, however large the initial state. When instead photons are detected at both ports, macroscopic quantum superposition states are produced. We describe a linear-optical circuit for making the components of such a state orthogonal, and another to convert the output to a N00N state. Our approach scales exponentially better than existing proposals. Important applications include quantum imaging and metrology.